Factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for 12 months or more among working mothers in a general hospital. / Fatores associados à continuidade do aleitamento materno por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras de um hospital geral.

This article aims to identify factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers in a hospital in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study, interviewing 251 women who breastfed after returning to work. Eligibility criteria included non-twin biological children aged between 12 and 36 months and the absence of an illness (mother and/or child) that could affect breastfeeding. The association between breastfeeding continuation and the exposure variables was tested using Poisson multivariate regression. Only one work-related variable showed a significant association with the outcome. Working only during the day increased the prevalence of BF continuation for at least 12 months by 37%. The following non-work-related factors showed a positive association with the outcome: mothers without a college degree; mothers with at least 12 months' prior breastfeeding experience; child not given milks other than breast milk when the mother returned to work, and not using a pacifier. The following variables showed a negative association with the outcome: older maternal age; older gestational age; mother receiving support from the child's caregiver; and mother receiving professional breastfeeding support. Non-work-related factors had a greater influence on breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers.

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores associados à continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras. Estudo transversal realizado por meio de entrevista com 251 trabalhadoras de um hospital, com filhos biológicos entre 12 e 36 meses de idade, não gemelares e sem doença que afetasse a amamentação, e amamentando quando do seu retorno ao trabalho. Para a associação entre a continuidade da amamentação e as variáveis de exposição utilizou-se a regressão multivariável de Poisson. Apenas uma variável relacionada ao local de trabalho da mulher mostrou associação significativa com o desfecho. Trabalhar durante o dia aumentou em 37% a prevalência da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais. Os fatores não relacionados ao trabalho da mulher que mostraram associação positiva com o desfecho: mãe sem curso superior, experiência de amamentação superior a 12 meses; criança não receber outro leite quando a mãe retornou ao trabalho e não ter usado chupeta. Por outro lado, maior idade da mãe, maior idade gestacional, apoio do cuidador da criança e apoio profissional na amamentação associaram-se negativamente ao desfecho. Fatores não relacionados diretamente ao trabalho materno tiveram maior participação na continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais.

Fatores associados à continuidade do aleitamento materno por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras de um hospital geral / Factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for 12 months or more among working mothers in a general hospital

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores associados à continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras. Estudo transversal realizado por meio de entrevista com 251 trabalhadoras de um hospital, com filhos biológicos entre 12 e 36 meses de idade, não gemelares e sem doença que afetasse a amamentação, e amamentando quando do seu retorno ao trabalho. Para a associação entre a continuidade da amamentação e as variáveis de exposição utilizou-se a regressão multivariável de Poisson. Apenas uma variável relacionada ao local de trabalho da mulher mostrou associação significativa com o desfecho. Trabalhar durante o dia aumentou em 37% a prevalência da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais. Os fatores não relacionados ao trabalho da mulher que mostraram associação positiva com o desfecho: mãe sem curso superior, experiência de amamentação superior a 12 meses; criança não receber outro leite quando a mãe retornou ao trabalho e não ter usado chupeta. Por outro lado, maior idade da mãe, maior idade gestacional, apoio do cuidador da criança e apoio profissional na amamentação associaram-se negativamente ao desfecho. Fatores não relacionados diretamente ao trabalho materno tiveram maior participação na continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais.

Abstract This article aims to identify factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers in a hospital in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study, interviewing 251 women who breastfed after returning to work. Eligibility criteria included non-twin biological children aged between 12 and 36 months and the absence of an illness (mother and/or child) that could affect breastfeeding. The association between breastfeeding continuation and the exposure variables was tested using Poisson multivariate regression. Only one work-related variable showed a significant association with the outcome. Working only during the day increased the prevalence of BF continuation for at least 12 months by 37%. The following non-work-related factors showed a positive association with the outcome: mothers without a college degree; mothers with at least 12 months' prior breastfeeding experience; child not given milks other than breast milk when the mother returned to work, and not using a pacifier. The following variables showed a negative association with the outcome: older maternal age; older gestational age; mother receiving support from the child's caregiver; and mother receiving professional breastfeeding support. Non-work-related factors had a greater influence on breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers.

[Impact of institutional aspects on breastfeeding for working women: a systematic review]. / Impacto dos aspectos institucionais no aleitamento materno em mulheres trabalhadoras: uma revisão sistemática.

Breastfeeding is considered the ideal feeding method early in life. Despite the scientific evidence, the worldwide prevalence of breastfeeding is low. Maternal work is pointed out as one of the obstacles to maintain this practice. To systematically review studies that evaluated the association between institutional aspects and breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding among working women. A literature search until June 2016 was carried out using PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO (MeSH terms: breastfeeding, workplace and observational study). Eighteen observational studies were included. A positive association with breastfeeding were found for later or not return to work, part-time work, availability or the use of lactation room, breast pumping breaks, professional advice on maintaining breastfeeding after returning to work, and attendance at breastfeeding support program. A negative association with breastfeeding was shown for full-time work. Simple interventions in the workplace and some changes in company policy to encourage breastfeeding can positively influence its maintenance after women return to work.

A amamentação é considerada o método ideal de alimentação no início da vida, porém tem baixa prevalência mundial, sendo o trabalho materno um dos obstáculos para a continuidade dessa prática. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar sistematicamente estudos que avaliaram a associação entre aspectos institucionais e aleitamento materno e aleitamento materno exclusivo em mulheres trabalhadoras. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, até junho de 2016 (termos de indexação: breastfeeding, workplace e observational study). Dezoito estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática, sendo demonstrada associação positiva com a amamentação: o retorno tardio e o não retorno ao trabalho, o trabalho em tempo parcial, a sala de apoio à amamentação, a disponibilidade de tempo para a expressão do leite materno, a consulta com enfermeiro após o retorno ao trabalho e a participação em programa de apoio à amamentação. Associação negativa com a amamentação foi demonstrada em relação ao trabalho em tempo integral. Intervenções simples no local de trabalho e algumas mudanças na política da empresa direcionadas ao incentivo da amamentação podem influenciar positivamente a continuidade dessa prática após as mães retornarem ao trabalho.

Impacto dos aspectos institucionais no aleitamento materno em mulheres trabalhadoras: uma revisão sistemática / Impact of institutional aspects on breastfeeding for working women: a systematic review

Resumo A amamentação é considerada o método ideal de alimentação no início da vida, porém tem baixa prevalência mundial, sendo o trabalho materno um dos obstáculos para a continuidade dessa prática. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar sistematicamente estudos que avaliaram a associação entre aspectos institucionais e aleitamento materno e aleitamento materno exclusivo em mulheres trabalhadoras. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, até junho de 2016 (termos de indexação: breastfeeding, workplace e observational study). Dezoito estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática, sendo demonstrada associação positiva com a amamentação: o retorno tardio e o não retorno ao trabalho, o trabalho em tempo parcial, a sala de apoio à amamentação, a disponibilidade de tempo para a expressão do leite materno, a consulta com enfermeiro após o retorno ao trabalho e a participação em programa de apoio à amamentação. Associação negativa com a amamentação foi demonstrada em relação ao trabalho em tempo integral. Intervenções simples no local de trabalho e algumas mudanças na política da empresa direcionadas ao incentivo da amamentação podem influenciar positivamente a continuidade dessa prática após as mães retornarem ao trabalho.

Abstract Breastfeeding is considered the ideal feeding method early in life. Despite the scientific evidence, the worldwide prevalence of breastfeeding is low. Maternal work is pointed out as one of the obstacles to maintain this practice. To systematically review studies that evaluated the association between institutional aspects and breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding among working women. A literature search until June 2016 was carried out using PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO (MeSH terms: breastfeeding, workplace and observational study). Eighteen observational studies were included. A positive association with breastfeeding were found for later or not return to work, part-time work, availability or the use of lactation room, breast pumping breaks, professional advice on maintaining breastfeeding after returning to work, and attendance at breastfeeding support program. A negative association with breastfeeding was shown for full-time work. Simple interventions in the workplace and some changes in company policy to encourage breastfeeding can positively influence its maintenance after women return to work.

Implementação da estratégia amamenta e alimenta Brasil: percepções dos tutores / Implementation of the strategy breastfeeds and feeds Brazil: tutors' perceptions

Objetivo: conhecer as percepções do tutor da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil com relação à implementação da estratégia no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo do tipo exploratório descritivo. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre, sob CAAE: 34170014.8.3001.5338. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista semiestruturada com 13 tutores. Para a análise foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificou-se a existência de fragilidades no que se refere ao papel do tutor que também necessita de maior apoio da gestão, a fim de desempenhar seu papel, além disso, verificou-se a necessidade de educação permanente dos profissionais que atuam nas unidades de saúde. Considerações finais: para o êxito da implementação da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil é necessário o fortalecimento do papel do tutor, a educação permanente das equipes de saúde e a priorização da estratégia no plano municipal de saúde.

Objective: to know the perceptions of the tutor of the Breastfeeding and Feeding Brazil Strategy regarding the implementation of the strategy in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methodology: This is a qualitative, descriptive exploratory study. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Nursing School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and the Porto Alegre City Hall, CAAE: 34170014.8.3001.5338. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with 13 tutors. For the analysis we used the content analysis technique. Results: It was identified the existence of weaknesses regarding the role of the tutor who also needs greater support from management in order to play their role, in addition, there was the need for continuing education of professionals working in the units of health. Consideration finales: For the successful implementation of the Brazil Breastfeeding and Food Strategy, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the guardian, the permanent education of health teams and the prioritization of the strategy in the municipal health plan.

Factors associated with the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding in the late postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding and to verify the justification for the introduction of other liquids in the late postpartum of mothers and children attended by a breastfeeding consultant. METHOD: A non-comparative prospective cohort, conducted with 150 mothers and children. Data was collected at rooming-in 15 and 30 days after birth and analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate regression. RESULTS: The reasons for introducing water, tea, and breast milk substitutes were the following: thirst, abdominal cramps, and infant crying, respectively. Vaginal delivery, not using a pacifier or bottle and seeking professional help after discharge were associated with the exclusivity of late postpartum breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a professional breastfeeding consultant is of significant importance in the rise of exclusive breastfeeding rates.

Factors associated with the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding in the late postpartum / Factores asociados al mantenimiento de la lactancia exclusiva en el posparto tardío / Fatores associados à manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo no pós-parto tardio

Abstract Objective: To identify the factors associated with the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding and to verify the justification for the introduction of other liquids in the late postpartum of mothers and children attended by a breastfeeding consultant. Method: A non-comparative prospective cohort, conducted with 150 mothers and children. Data was collected at rooming-in 15 and 30 days after birth and analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate regression. Results: The reasons for introducing water, tea, and breast milk substitutes were the following: thirst, abdominal cramps, and infant crying, respectively. Vaginal delivery, not using a pacifier or bottle and seeking professional help after discharge were associated with the exclusivity of late postpartum breastfeeding. Conclusion: The introduction of a professional breastfeeding consultant is of significant importance in the rise of exclusive breastfeeding rates.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva y verificar la justificación para la introducción de otros líquidos en el posparto tardío de madres y niños atendidos por un consultor en lactancia materna. Método: Cohorte prospectiva no comparativa realizada con 150 madres y niños. Los datos se recolectaron en el alojamiento conjunto 15 y 30 días después del nacimiento y se analizaron mediante análisis univariado y regresión multivariada. Resultados: Las razones para introducir agua, té y sustitutos de la leche materna fueron las siguientes: sed, calambres abdominales y llanto infantil, respectivamente. El parto vaginal, no usar un chupete o biberón y buscar ayuda profesional después del alta se asociaron con la exclusividad de la lactancia durante el posparto tardío. Conclusión: La incorporación de un consultor profesional en lactancia materna es de suma importancia en el aumento de las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados a manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e verificar a justificativa para introdução de outros líquidos no pós-parto tardio, de mães e crianças atendidas por consultor em aleitamento materno. Método: Coorte prospectiva não comparada, realizado com 150 com mães e crianças. Os dados foram coletados no alojamento conjunto, aos 15 e 30 dias após o nascimento e analisados por meio de análise univariada e regressão multivariada. Resultados: Os motivos para a introdução de água, chá, e substitutos do leite materno foram respectivamente: sede, cólicas abdominais e choro da criança. O parto vaginal, a não utilização de chupeta ou mamadeira e a busca por ajuda profissional após a alta se associaram a exclusividade da amamentação no pós-parto tardio. Conclusão: A inserção de um profissional consultor em aleitamento materno tem relevante importância na ascensão das taxas de aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Involvement of maternal grandmother and teenage mother in intervention to reduce pacifier use: a randomized clinical trial / Participação da avó materna e mãe adolescente na intervenção para redução do uso de chupeta: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Objective: To assess the impact of an intervention for teenage mothers with the involvement of maternal grandmothers on the prevalence of pacifier use in the first six months of life. Methods: This randomized clinical trial involved 323 teenage mothers, allocated to four groups: intervention with teenagers only, intervention with teenagers and their mothers, and respective controls. Six breastfeeding counseling sessions, including the recommendation to avoid the use of a pacifier, were delivered at the maternity ward and subsequently at the teenagers' homes, at seven, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum. Data on infant feeding and pacifier use were collected monthly by interviewers blinded to group allocation. The impact of the intervention was measured by comparing survival curves for pacifier use in the first six months of life and mean time to pacifier introduction. Results: The intervention had a significant impact on reducing pacifier use only in the group in which grandmothers were involved. In this group, the intervention delayed by 64 days the introduction of a pacifier (21-85 days), compared to 25 days in the group without the participation of grandmothers (65-90 days). Conclusions: The intervention reduced pacifier use in the first six months of life and delayed its introduction until beyond the first month when grandmothers were involved. The intervention did not have a significant impact when only teenage mothers were involved.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção para mães adolescentes com a participação de avós maternas na prevalência de uso de chupeta nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Métodos: Este ensaio clínico randomizado envolveu 323 mães adolescentes, alocadas para quatro grupos: intervenção com somente adolescentes, intervenção com adolescentes e suas mães e respectivos controles. Seis sessões de aconselhamento para amamentação, incluindo a recomendação de evitar o uso de chupeta, foram realizadas na maternidade e posteriormente nas casas das adolescentes ao 7°, 15°, 30°, 60° e 120° dias. Os dados sobre alimentação infantil e uso de chupeta foram coletados mensalmente por entrevistadores cegos a respeito da alocação dos grupos. O impacto da intervenção foi medido comparando as curvas de sobrevida para uso de chupeta nos primeiros 6 meses de vida e o tempo médio de introdução de chupetas. Resultados: A intervenção apresentou um impacto significativo sobre a redução do uso de chupeta somente no grupo em que as mães estiveram envolvidas. Nesse grupo, a intervenção mostrou atraso de 64 dias na introdução de chupeta (21 a 85 dias), em comparação a 25 dias no grupo sem a participação das avós (65 a 90 dias). Conclusões: A intervenção reduziu o uso de chupeta nos primeiros 6 meses de vida e atrasou sua introdução além do primeiro mês com a participação das avós. A intervenção não teve impacto significativo somente com o envolvimento das mães adolescentes.

Pairs seen by lactation consultants and cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in the first month.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the survival of exclusive breastfeeding and the factors associated with its cessation in the first month among pairs seen by a lactation consulting team. METHOD: This is a prospective cohort conducted with mother-infant pairs treated at the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 150 pairs. The survival curve indicates that 52.9% of the children remained on exclusive breastfeeding. The hierarchical model was constructed in four levels, and the factors associated with the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding were the milk supplementation during hospitalization, breast problems after hospital discharge and use of pacifiers. CONCLUSION: Awareness of these factors favors the early detection of pairs that may be predisposed to cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, who require greater support, dedication and care.

Involvement of maternal grandmother and teenage mother in intervention to reduce pacifier use: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of an intervention for teenage mothers with the involvement of maternal grandmothers on the prevalence of pacifier use in the first six months of life. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial involved 323 teenage mothers, allocated to four groups: intervention with teenagers only, intervention with teenagers and their mothers, and respective controls. Six breastfeeding counseling sessions, including the recommendation to avoid the use of a pacifier, were delivered at the maternity ward and subsequently at the teenagers' homes, at seven, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum. Data on infant feeding and pacifier use were collected monthly by interviewers blinded to group allocation. The impact of the intervention was measured by comparing survival curves for pacifier use in the first six months of life and mean time to pacifier introduction. RESULTS: The intervention had a significant impact on reducing pacifier use only in the group in which grandmothers were involved. In this group, the intervention delayed by 64 days the introduction of a pacifier (21-85 days), compared to 25 days in the group without the participation of grandmothers (65-90 days). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention reduced pacifier use in the first six months of life and delayed its introduction until beyond the first month when grandmothers were involved. The intervention did not have a significant impact when only teenage mothers were involved.

Pairs seen by lactation consultants and cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in the first month / Binomios atendidos por consultores en lactancia y la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva el primer mes / Binômios atendidos por consultores em amamentação e a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro mês

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the survival of exclusive breastfeeding and the factors associated with its cessation in the first month among pairs seen by a lactation consulting team. Method: This is a prospective cohort conducted with mother-infant pairs treated at the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre. Results: The sample consisted of 150 pairs. The survival curve indicates that 52.9% of the children remained on exclusive breastfeeding. The hierarchical model was constructed in four levels, and the factors associated with the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding were the milk supplementation during hospitalization, breast problems after hospital discharge and use of pacifiers. Conclusion: Awareness of these factors favors the early detection of pairs that may be predisposed to cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, who require greater support, dedication and care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la supervivencia de la lactancia exclusiva y los factores asociados a su interrupción en el primer mes de binomios atendidos por el equipo de consultoría en lactancia materna. Método: Se trata de una cohorte prospectiva realizada con binomios madre-bebé atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida de 150 binomios. La curva de supervivencia señala que el 52,9% de los niños permanecían en lactancia materna exclusiva. El modelo jerarquizado fue construido en cuatro niveles, y los factores asociados con la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva fueron el recibo de complemento lácteo durante la estancia hospitalaria, problemas con las mamas después del alta y utilización de chupete. Conclusión: El reconocimiento de esos factores favorece la detección precoz de binomios que pueden estar más predispuestos al abandono de la lactancia exclusiva, exigiendo mayor apoyo, dedicación y cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a sobrevida do aleitamento materno exclusivo e os fatores associados à sua interrupção no primeiro mês de binômios atendidos pela equipe de consultoria em aleitamento materno. Método: Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva realizada com binômios mãe-bebê atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 150 binômios. A curva de sobrevida indica que 52,9% das crianças permaneciam em aleitamento materno exclusivo. O modelo hierarquizado foi construído em quatro níveis, e os fatores associados à interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo foram recebimento de complemento lácteo durante a internação, problemas com as mamas após a alta hospitalar e utilização de chupeta. Conclusão: O reconhecimento desses fatores favorece a detecção precoce de binômios que podem estar mais predispostos ao abandono da amamentação exclusiva, exigindo maior apoio, dedicação e cuidado.

Contexto da atenção pré-natal na prematuridade tardia / Context of antenatal care in late prematurity / Contexto de la atención prenatal en la prematuridad tardía

Objetivo: conhecer o cuidado na gestação de mulheres que tiveram prematuros tardios, e seus atendimentos no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado em três unidades de estratégia da saúde de família em Porto Alegre-RS, de novembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, com 13 mulheres submetidas a entrevistas semiestruturadas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre/RS, sob número 001.039956.11.3. Resultados: na análise temática etnográfica constituíram-se dois temas: negligência no cuidado durante a gestação e insuficiência do atendimento pré-natal. Os padrões observados foram: preenchimento inadequado das carteiras de pré-natal; situações potencialmente evitáveis como favorecedoras da prematuridade tardia; e dificuldade na comunicação entre gestante e profissional pré-natalista. Conclusão: conhecer os cuidados pré-natais dessas mulheres pode representar as concepções que as mesmas têm sobre a gestação, sendo uma referência importante para os profissionais que trabalham com essa população

Objective: to learn about pregnancy care for women who gave late premature birth, and their treatment in the Unified Health System. Methodology: this descriptive study was conducted at three Family Health Strategy clinics in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, from November 2011 to December 2012, by semi-structured interviews of 13 women. The project was approved by the Porto Alegre City government's Research Ethics Committee (No. 001.039956.11.3). Results: two themes emerged in ethnographic thematic analysis: negligence in care during pregnancy and inadequacy of antenatal care. The patterns observed were: failure to complete antenatal records properly; potentially avoidable situations favoring late prematurity; and difficulty in communication between mothers and antenatal care professionals. Conclusion: learning about these women's antenatal care can represent the conceptions they hold about pregnancy, which are an important point of reference for professionals working with this population.

Objetivo: conocer el cuidado durante el embarazo a las mujeres que tuvieron niños prematuros tardíos y la atención en el Sistema Único de Salud. Metodología: se trata de un estudio realizado en tres unidades de la estrategia de salud de la familia en Porto Alegre-RS, de noviembre 2011 a diciembre 2012, junto a 13 mujeres sometidas a entrevistas semiestructuradas. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Municipalidad de Porto Alegre/RS, bajo el número 001.039956.11.3. Resultados: el análisis temático etnográfico se constituyó de dos temas: negligencia en el cuidado durante el embarazo; e insuficiencia en la atención prenatal. Los patrones observados fueron: registros inadecuados en los cuadernos de prenatal; situaciones potencialmente evitables como favorecedoras de la prematuridad tardía; y dificultad en la comunicación entre la madre y el profesional del prenatal. Conclusión: conocer los cuidados prenatales de estas mujeres puede representar los puntos de vista que tienen sobre el embarazo, siendo una referencia importante para los profesionales que trabajan con esta población.

[Association between the degree of implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and breastfeeding indicators]. / Associação entre o grau de implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil e indicadores de amamentação.

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and its impact on breastfeeding indicators. Implementation was analyzed according to type, including 56 primary healthcare units from three Brazilian municipalities. For evaluation of the degree of implementation, a score was created for each unit based on compliance with Ministry of Health certification criteria. Effects of implementation were analyzed according to exclusive and overall breastfeeding rates. Eighteen (32.1%) of the units met the four criteria for certification. The study sample included 1,052 children less than one year of age, of whom 563 were less than six months old. Units that met the four criteria for certification showed higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (44%) when compared to the other units. Difficulties in implementing the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network were identified, and breastfeeding indicators varied according to the number of certification criteria met by the primary healthcare unit.

Associação entre o grau de implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil e indicadores de amamentação / Association between the degree of implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and breastfeeding indicators / Asociación entre el grado de implantación de la Red Amamanta Brasil e indicadores de lactancia materna

O objetivo foi avaliar a implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil e seu impacto sobre indicadores de aleitamento materno (AM). Realizou-se análise de implantação de segundo tipo, incluindo 56 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de três municípios brasileiros. Para a avaliação do grau de implantação, criou-se um escore para cada UBS baseado no cumprimento dos critérios de certificação do Ministério da Saúde; para a análise dos efeitos da implantação, foram pesquisadas as prevalências de amamentação exclusiva e de amamentação. Verificou-se que 18 (32,1%) UBS cumpriam os quatro critérios preconizados para certificação. Foram incluídas no estudo 1.052 crianças menores de um ano, sendo 563 menores de seis meses. Verificou-se que as UBS que cumpriam os quatro critérios de certificação tiveram maior prevalência de amamentação exclusiva (44%), quando comparadas às demais UBS. Dificuldades para a implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil foram identificadas, e os indicadores de AM variaram de acordo com o número de critérios de certificação cumpridos pelas UBS.

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and its impact on breastfeeding indicators. Implementation was analyzed according to type, including 56 primary healthcare units from three Brazilian municipalities. For evaluation of the degree of implementation, a score was created for each unit based on compliance with Ministry of Health certification criteria. Effects of implementation were analyzed according to exclusive and overall breastfeeding rates. Eighteen (32.1%) of the units met the four criteria for certification. The study sample included 1,052 children less than one year of age, of whom 563 were less than six months old. Units that met the four criteria for certification showed higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (44%) when compared to the other units. Difficulties in implementing the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network were identified, and breastfeeding indicators varied according to the number of certification criteria met by the primary healthcare unit.

El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar la implantación de la Red Amamanta Brasil y su impacto sobre indicadores de lactancia materna (AM). Se realizó un análisis de implantación de segundo tipo, incluyendo 56 unidades básicas de salud (UBS) de tres municipios brasileños. Para la evaluación del grado de implantación se creó un marcador para cada UBS, basado en el cumplimento de los criterios de certificación del Ministerio de Salud; y para el análisis de los efectos de la implantación fueron investigadas las prevalencias de lactancia materna exclusiva y lactancia. Se verificó que 18 (32,1%) UBS cumplían los cuatro criterios preconizados para certificación. Se incluyeron en el estudio 1.052 niños menores de un año, siendo 563 menores de seis meses. Se verificó que las UBS que cumplían los cuatro criterios de certificación tuvieron mayor prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (44%) cuando se comparan con las demás UBS. Dificultades para la implantación de la Red Amamanta Brasil fueron identificadas y los indicadores de AM variaron de acuerdo con el número de criterios de certificación cumplidos por las UBS.

Amamentação no período de transição neonatal em Hospital Amigo da Criança / Breastfeeding in the neonatal transitional period at a Baby-Friendly Hospital / Lactancia durante el período de transición neonatal en el Hospital Amigo da Criança

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as taxas de amamentação no período de transição neonatal em Hospital Amigo da Criança. Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, transversal, com 342 duplas mãe-bebê. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevistas e análise de prontuários. Identificaram-se baixas taxas de amamentação na primeira hora de vida do recém-nascido ou período de reatividade neonatal (53,2%). Para o segundo período de transição, a taxa de amamentação foi de 20,7%, e de 20,5% para o terceiro período. O estímulo à amamentação não está adequado em relação às fases do período de transição neonatal, esperava-se que as taxas na primeira hora fossem superiores a 90%, tratando-se de recém-nascidos de baixo risco e nascimentos ocorridos em Hospital Amigo da Criança. Os achados indicam necessidade de adoção de estratégias de cuidado que favoreçam o contato precoce e de capacitação dos profissionais nas maternidades quanto à adequação da amamentação ao período de transição neonatal.

The objective of this study was to learn the breastfeeding rates in the neonatal transition period at a child-friendly hospital. A quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional study was developed with 342 mother-baby pairs. Data were collected by means of interviews and analysis of medical records. Low breastfeeding rates were identified in the first hour of life of the newborns or neonatal reactivity period (53.2%). In the second transition period the rate was 20.7%, and 20.5% in the third period. Encouragement to breastfeeding is not appropriate for the phases of the neonatal transition period, as the rates for the first hour of life were expected to be higher than 90%, considering low risk newborns and births that occurred in a child-friendly hospital. Our findings indicate a need for adopting care strategies that favor the early contact and training of professionals at maternity hospitals toward the adequacy of breastfeeding to the neonatal transition period

Se objetivó conocer las tasas de lactancia durante el período de transición neonatal en el Hospital Amigo da Criança. Estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio, transversal, con 342 pares de madre-bebé. Datos recolectados mediante entrevistas y análisis de historias clínicas. Se identificaron bajas tasas de lactancia en la primera hora de vida del recién nacido, o período de reactividad neonatal (53,2%). La tasa de lactancia fue del 20,7% en el segundo período y del 20,5% en el tercero. El estímulo para la lactancia no es adecuado respecto a las fases del período de transición neonatal. Se esperaban tasas en la primera media hora superiores al 90%, al tratarse de recién nacidos de bajo riesgo con nacimiento ocurrido en el Hospital Amigo da Criança. Los hallazgos indican necesidad de adoptar estrategias de cuidado favoreciendo el contacto precoz y capacitación de profesionales en maternidades respecto a adecuación de la lactancia al período de transición neonatal.

Impact of a strategy to prevent the introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods during the first 6 months of life: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers.

INTRODUCTION: Although the disadvantages of introducing non-breast milk and the early introduction of complementary foods are known, such practices are common worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of counseling about breastfeeding and complementary feeding in preventing the introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods in the first 6 months. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 323 adolescent mothers and their newborns and 169 maternal grandmothers; 163 mothers and 88 grandmothers received five counseling sessions on breastfeeding while in the hospital and at 7, 15, 30, and 60 days, and one session on complementary feeding at 120 days. Data about infant feeding were collected monthly. The impact was evaluated by comparing the Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the time of introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods of the control and intervention groups. Median time of introduction of milk was calculated in the two groups. RESULTS: The survival curves showed that the intervention postponed the introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods. At 4 months, 41% (95% CI, 32.8-49.2) of the infants in the control group received complementary foods in comparison to 22.8% (95% CI, 15.9-29.7) of the intervention group. Counseling postponed the introduction of non-breast milk, which occurred at 95 days (95% CI, 8.7-111.3) in the control group and at 153 days (95% CI, 114.6-191.4) in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Counseling sessions on infant's first 4 months were an efficacious strategy to prevent the introduction of non-breast milk and complementary foods in the 6 months of life.

Reduction of unnecessary intake of water and herbal teas on breast-fed infants: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of counseling sessions on breast-feeding for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers on the reduction of unnecessary water and herbal teas intake on breast-fed infants. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving adolescent mothers, newborn infants, and maternal grandmothers allocated into four groups: mother and grandmother not cohabitating, without intervention; mother and grandmother not cohabitating, with intervention directed only toward mother; mother and grandmother cohabitating, without intervention; and mother and grandmother cohabitating, with intervention directed toward both. The intervention consisted of six counseling sessions on breastfeeding: in the maternity ward, and after birth on days 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 at home. The data about feeding practices were collected by telephone every month until the end of the sixth month of the baby's life. The effect of the intervention was measured by comparing the medians and the survival curves for initiation of water and/or tea intake in the first 6 months of life, and Cox regression was used to estimate its magnitude. RESULTS: The intervention had a positive effect for the group in which the adolescent mothers cohabitated with the baby's grandmother (hazard ratio = .53; 95% confidence interval = .35-.80), and also for the group in which they did not cohabitate with the baby's grandmother (hazard ratio = .48; 95% confidence interval = .31-.76). By comparing the medians of the time of initiation of water and/or tea intake between control and intervention groups, it was observed that the intervention postponed the use of these liquids in 67 days in the group in which mothers and grandmothers cohabitated and in 44 days in the group in which they did not live together. CONCLUSION: Multiple counseling sessions on infant feeding in the first 4 months postpartum for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, when they cohabitate, proved to be an effective strategy to postpone the unnecessary water and/or tea intake of breast-fed infants.

Uso de mamadeira no primeiro mês de vida: determinantes e influência na técnica de amamentação / Bottle feeding during the first month of life: determinants and effect on breastfeeding technique

OBJETIVO: Analisar a incidência e os determinantes do uso de mamadeira no primeiro mês de vida e possíveis efeitos dessa prática na técnica de amamentação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal aninhado em uma coorte contemporânea de Porto Alegre, RS, de junho a novembro de 2003. Durante um mês foram acompanhados 211 pares de mãe e criança. A influência do uso de mamadeira sobre a técnica de amamentação foi avaliada comparando-se as freqüências de cinco itens desfavoráveis ao posicionamento mãe/criança e três itens desfavoráveis à pega da criança; e as médias do número de itens desfavoráveis entre as duplas que iniciaram o uso mamadeira no primeiro mês e as que não o fizeram. A regressão logística estimou o grau de associação das variáveis com os desfechos, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. RESULTADOS: Aos sete dias, 21,3 por cento das crianças usavam mamadeira e, aos 30 dias, 46,9 por cento. Coabitação com a avó materna esteve associada com uso de mamadeira tanto aos sete quanto aos 30 dias. Também estiveram associados ao uso de mamadeira aos sete dias: a mãe ser adolescente e trauma mamilar na maternidade. Os outros dois fatores associados ao uso de mamadeira aos 30 dias foram trauma mamilar aos sete dias e uso de chupeta aos sete dias. Não houve associação entre técnica de amamentação ensinada na maternidade e uso de mamadeira, mas aos 30 dias, crianças que usavam mamadeira apresentaram técnica menos adequada às que sugavam só no peito. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram que a mamadeira foi bastante utilizada no primeiro mês de vida, principalmente: em crianças com mães adolescentes e com trauma mamilar, cujas avós maternas estavam presentes no domicílio e que faziam uso de chupeta. Além dos efeitos negativos já conhecidos, a mamadeira pode influenciar negativamente a técnica de amamentação.

OBJECTIVE: To assess incidence rate and determinants of bottle feeding during the first month of life, and its potential effects on breastfeeding technique. METHODS: A nested cross-sectional study was conducted in a contemporary cohort in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, between June and November 2003. A total of 211 pairs of healthy mothers and infants were followed up for a month. The effect of bottle feeding on breastfeeding technique was assessed by comparing five items unfavorable to mother-infant positioning and three items unfavorable to infant latch-on; and the average number of unfavorable items between the pairs who started bottle feeding in the first month of life and those who did not. A logistic regression analysis was carried out according to a hierarchical model. RESULTS: By Day 7, 21.3 percent of infants were bottle-fed and 46.9 percent were bottle-fed by Day 30. Living with maternal grandmother was associated with bottle feeding at Days 7 and 30. Maternal age <20 years, and nipple trauma at the maternity hospital were also associated with bottle feeding at Day 7. Other factors associated with bottle feeding at Day 3 were pacifier use at Day 7 and nipple trauma at Day 7. There was no association between the breastfeeding technique taught at the maternity hospital and subsequent bottle feeding. However, at Day 30, the breastfeeding technique was found to be more adequate among exclusively breast-fed infants than those who were also bottle fed. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that bottle feeding was quite widespread in the first month of life, mainly in infants born to teenage mothers, with nipple trauma, whose maternal grandmothers were living in the same household, and who were using pacifiers. Besides the already recognized negative effects, bottle feeding may negatively affect breastfeeding technique.

[Bottle feeding during the first month of life: determinants and effect on breastfeeding technique]. / Uso de mamadeira no primeiro mês de vida: determinantes e influência na técnica de amamentação.

OBJECTIVE: To assess incidence rate and determinants of bottle feeding during the first month of life, and its potential effects on breastfeeding technique. METHODS: A nested cross-sectional study was conducted in a contemporary cohort in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, between June and November 2003. A total of 211 pairs of healthy mothers and infants were followed up for a month. The effect of bottle feeding on breastfeeding technique was assessed by comparing five items unfavorable to mother-infant positioning and three items unfavorable to infant latch-on; and the average number of unfavorable items between the pairs who started bottle feeding in the first month of life and those who did not. A logistic regression analysis was carried out according to a hierarchical model. RESULTS: By Day 7, 21.3% of infants were bottle-fed and 46.9% were bottle-fed by Day 30. Living with maternal grandmother was associated with bottle feeding at Days 7 and 30. Maternal age <20 years, and nipple trauma at the maternity hospital were also associated with bottle feeding at Day 7. Other factors associated with bottle feeding at Day 3 were pacifier use at Day 7 and nipple trauma at Day 7. There was no association between the breastfeeding technique taught at the maternity hospital and subsequent bottle feeding. However, at Day 30, the breastfeeding technique was found to be more adequate among exclusively breast-fed infants than those who were also bottle fed. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that bottle feeding was quite widespread in the first month of life, mainly in infants born to teenage mothers, with nipple trauma, whose maternal grandmothers were living in the same household, and who were using pacifiers. Besides the already recognized negative effects, bottle feeding may negatively affect breastfeeding technique.

Factors associated with low incidence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months.

BACKGROUND: The identification of factors that are associated with early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding is important for defining strategies for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding cessation before 6 months, including variables that generally receive little attention, such as the influence of grandmothers, breastfeeding technique, and sore nipples. METHODS: This prospective study follows a cohort of 220 healthy mother-baby pairs from birth to 6 months, living in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Data were collected at the maternity unit, during a home visit at 30 days, and by telephone interview at 60, 120, and 180 days. Breastfeeding technique was assessed and breasts examined at the maternity unit and during home visits. Cox regression was employed to estimate the degree of association between the variables and the outcome. RESULTS: The following factors were associated with cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months: adolescent mother (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.17), fewer than six prenatal visits (HR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.10-2.33), use of a pacifier within the first month (HR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.12-2.11), and poor latch-on (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.58 for each unfavorable parameter). CONCLUSIONS: Activities to promote exclusive breastfeeding should be intensified for adolescent mothers and for those whose prenatal care was less than ideal. These activities should reinforce the ill effects of pacifiers and should also include appropriate instruction for these mothers in correct breastfeeding technique.